Summary Of Class Warfare In William Faulkners Barn Burning

Class conflict, also known as class warfare or class struggle disguises itself in many different and unique forms throughout William Faulkner’s â€Å" Barn Burning.† Granted, the story draws the reader to reflect upon the uneven distribution of wealth keeping industrious farmers static with regards to class and indigence in 1890’s Mississippi. Be that as it may, the enduring struggle of the story is between father and son in values, morals, and ideology. At an early age one is Sartoris, knowing far too well the difference between right and wrong, knows that something in these trial proceedings smells bad and that inevitably he will have to choose the latter in order to align his ideals to his Father’s misaligned ones. The Justice calls†¦show more content†¦Questioned is the reasoning for the size of the fire constructed for the family as opposed to the ones that were set for strangers â€Å"a small fire, neat, niggard almost, a shrewd fire; su ch fires were his father’s habit and custom always, even in freezing weather.† â€Å"Why not a big one; why should not a man who had not only seen the waste and extravagance of war, but who had in his blood an inheritance of voracious prodigality with material not his own, have burned everything in sight?† (Faulkner 354). The beginnings of a turning point manifest themselves here as you see Sartoris imply the reason for such a â€Å"niggard blaze† was in cowardly practice while hiding â€Å"his string of horses† or as Abner referred to them â€Å"captured horses.† (Faulkner 354). Furthermore, Sartoris reasons â€Å"fire spoke to his father’s mainspring, as steel or powder to other men, as the weapon for the preservation of integrity.† (Faulkner 354). Ever the cunning one, Abner sees the struggle within his youngest son and states, â€Å"You were fixing to tell them. You would have told him.† prior to striking him â€Å"w ith the flat hand on the side of the head, hard but without heat.† (Faulkner 355). Consequently, Abner seizes upon the opportunity to explain his family first ideals, an honor/loyalty among thieves, a code if you will however skewed they maybe from what society has deemed as core values, traits of a man, those to be embodied. â€Å"You’re getting to a man. You got to learn. You got to learnShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................................. 379 Using Venn-Euler Diagrams to Test for Invalidity ....................................................................... 385 The Logic of Only in Class Logic...................................................................................................... 395 Review of Major Points ...............................................................................................................

Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 1329 Words

Jane Austen enjoyed using irony in Pride and Prejudice to convey her story of Elizabeth Bennet. Many critics say that there is an incredible connection between the author, Jane Austen, and her fictional character, Elizabeth Bennet (Brownstein 54). It has been acknowledged that the wit and sarcastic nature of Elizabeth, was a large part of Jane’s personality. The ironic wit used by Elizabeth is what sets her aside from the other female characters in the book that are not very deep. At the beginning of the novel, Charles Bingley moves into town. He rents the manor of Netherfield park which causes the village of Longbourn to become uneasy. The Bennet family experiences a lot of chaos with the arrival of Charles. He is single, and very wealthy. Ironically enough, Mrs. Bennet has been in search of worthy males for her five daughters to marry. Following the visit that Mr. Bennet pays to Mr. Bingley, Mr. Bingley, his best friend Mr.Darcy and the Bennet family attend a ball at which a ll are present. Mr. Bingley decides to dance with Jane Bennet and finds himself very interested in her throughout the night. Mr. Darcy finds the ball to be unenjoyable and arrogantly refuses to share a dance with Elizabeth Bennet. Over multiple weeks, Mr. Darcy begins to fall for Elizabeth as he spends time around her at social events. Jane and Mr. Bingley’s friendship also starts to blossom. As Jane travels to the Bingley mansion, she is caught in a terrible storm, causing her to become ill. HerShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1294 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen s exceptional novel Pride and Prejudice has been depicted as a classic that is as much a social study on class, marriage and gender as it is a romantic tale. It is an amusing representation of the social atmosphere of the late eighteenth and mid nineteenth century England, and it is primarily required with courtship rituals of the English high class. The novel is more than a romantic tale, however through Austen s subtle, and ironic style, it addresses gender, class, and marriageRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial stability. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen states that the desire for better social connections interferes with the workings of love through the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth to criticize the social class structure of the 19th century. Anxieties about social connections or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love. Darcy and Elizabeth s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Jane Austen views love as something independentRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice992 Words   |  4 Pages It is unfortunate that many people tend to dismiss Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, as simply a romantic love story, even labeling it a â€Å"chick flick.† Upon a shallow reading, it may appear to be such, but a closer look at the novel reveals so much more embedded in the story. In addition to describing the entertaining relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, the novel serves to forward Austen s personal values and ideas. Furthermore, there is one issue of her era that she particularlyRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1138 Words   |  5 PagesPride and Prejudice is a novel about the superficiality of marriage during the late 19th and early 20th century, which largely influenced the decisions made by individuals, based on connections and social rankings. The novel takes its characters through various changes influenced by their decision to or rather not to marry certain individuals. It begins not by a man desiring to marry for love, but by a mother who desires nothing more than to marry her daughters well. As the novel develops, Jane AustenRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1211 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was greatly influenced by the time period in which it was written, This novel follows the story of Elizabeth Bennet and her sisters as they are faced with marriage proposals. The marriage and roles of women in this time period are shown throughout this story. During the time Austen was writing this novel, a woman’s role for her family changed. Daughters started to become a way for their family to achieve more money. Because their family depended on this finan cialRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1678 Words   |  7 PagesAfter reading Jane Austen’s most popular piece of work, the effects of the high societal expectations can be acknowledged through viewing the lives of the Bennet family and friends and noting such effects. Through the examination of the characters in Pride and Prejudice it is easily deciphered between marriages based upon true love and marriage based upon the expectations of society. Society’s main goal for woman in the Victorian era was marriage. As seen many in Pride and Prejudice, marriage wasRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1675 Words   |  7 PagesIn Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, she has specific criteria that her characters follow when choosing their mates. In today’s society, most couples still follow these criteria and more when choosing their ideal mate. What are these important criteria that Austen’s characters consider when choosing a mate? For Austen, the important criteria that she has for choosing a mate are that couples are personally compatible, they are in love with each other, and they must have a good moral character. Read MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1434 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was considered a radical novel back in 1813 when she wrote and published the piece. It is a social commentary on the treatment and societal standards of women, as well marriage expectations at the turn of the 19th century. Austen criticizes the patriarchal society, materialism, double standards of men and women by centering the book around Elizabeth Bennett, a young woman of decent means who does not understand the reason for the pressure to find a suitable husbandRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1468 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished over time. In Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet is the main character who is a lady in the Regency Era. Elizabeth lives in Longbourn with her parents, Mr and Mrs Bennet and her four sisters. In the beginning of the novel, Elizabeth s prejudice mindset and strong opinion blinds her from realizations happening arou nd her. Soon, Elizabeth s prejudice disappears allowing her to open up and fall in love. Throughout Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth growsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen is pre-occupied with the theme of marriage. Marriage is a central issue of a woman’s life but it was even more crucial for the women of her society where women were largely dependent on the men in their lives. As a result, women pursued socio-economic stability through marriage. However, it is clear through the novel that Austen did not agree with this part of her society. In Pride and Prejudice, she gives preference to a marriage which is based on love

Procter Gamble From Top to Bottom †A Consultant’s View Free Essays

Not only does PG demand an outside the box thinking model, but they also demand collaboration inside and outside the Company. This is in addition to strict project management guidelines and the desire to be in communication with consumers, retail customers and outside stakeholders. (Leadership Development, 2014) Recommendation 1 – One recommendation here is to involve employees on a greater level. We will write a custom essay sample on Procter Gamble: From Top to Bottom – A Consultant’s View or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mission statement itself covers everything an employee should take to heart. However, involvement at the local level may increase the publics awareness to the firm’s existence. Employees being more involved in going to local retailers and attempting to market P’s products, giving away products to local homeless shelters and charities, providing charity work in the local communities by PG employees can take a company to another level in this area. PG is heavily concerned with improving the lives of others around the world. It is this author’s opinion that integrating a greater hands-on approach an help accomplish this. P holds a lot of strength in its organizational structure. P feels the organization’s structure is an important part of its continued growth. With products touching the lives of nearly 2 billion people every day, it combines its strength of product benefits and a local focus to win consumers and retail customers in all the countries where the products are embedded. There are four major portions of the organization, all embedded neatly in the company’s Selling Market Operations sector. These include – Beauty, Hair and personal Care Baby, Feminine and Family Care Fabric and Home Care Health and Grooming (Corporate Structure, 2014) Specifically, the division of that delivers products to market is the Selling and Market Operations division. The division name was changed from Market Development Organizations because of the intense pride it takes in bring its products to the people of the world. The name change was not just a name change, it clarified the work the firm does and the work they do best. This division handles every portion of marketability including superior, effective and efficient selling, distribution, shelving, pricing execution and rescheduling – every day, every week – in every store and in all its markets. Markets include Asia; Europe; India, the Middle East, and Africa (MIME); Latin America and North America. (Corporate Structure, 201 4) Recommendation 2 could likely benefit from a stronger focus in where it does not hold a strong enough market share. For example, in Personal Health Care, which is considered a $240 billion market, P is a market leader, but with only a 5% share. Another area is Beauty and Grooming, and while leads the consumer market, it only holds 13% of the share. (P – 2014 Annual Report, 014) Organizational management is key to a business’ growth opportunities. It has a number of billion-dollar and half-billion-dollar brands that cover a number of markets. PG is certainly not lacking in performance. However, it is possible that it could build in certain areas. It has strong relationships with retailers, suppliers and a competitive advantage where innovation is recognized. Recommendation 3 – It is possible that could reach its hands into undeserved and unseeded consumers. There are a number of markets where consumers are not reached such as those watching a lot of television. With Digital Video Recorders (DVD) available for every home in the world, it is possible that is not reaching these consumers because people typically fast-forward through commercials. If these consumers were targeted in other areas such as highway billboards, mobile app advertisements, and e-commerce, PG may see a rise in its consumer markets. Employee performance management is not the only concept that creates an effective firm like Procter Gamble. Another tightly held idea is their efficacy in the use of partners and suppliers. PG’s network of partners and suppliers is critical to our long-term success ND in our purpose inspired growth strategy to touch and improve more consumers’ lives, in more parts of the world, more completely. † (Partners and Suppliers, 2014) PG’s supplier diversity goes deep and is historical. Since the sass’s, there has been a strong focus on its ability to diversify its supplier strategy. PG holds a special pride with min ority and women-owned businesses around the world, investing more than $2 billion in the last six years. This figure has placed PG on a short list called the Billion Dollar Roundtable, which specifically invests more than a billion dollars a year with a minority or woman-owned business. Recommendation 4 A recommendation to be considered might be the insertion of deeper rooted supplier networks. Possibly delving into more privately owned businesses for their product sales. One of PG’s greatest weaknesses is its inherent ability to rely on â€Å"big box† retailers such as Wall-Mart for revenue generation. With P product insertion into stores like Wall-Mart, the world-wide retailer is at an advantage with potentially greater bargaining power. With this comes less profit for Procter Gamble. Spreading the market share to smaller entities could help level the playing field with these large retailers. Chuan, 2010) Investing in a number of partners, P has not only generated awards for its partnership strategies, it has also helped to better the lives of the people who work in these companies. With well-treated employees comes greater confidence in the products created. P has set a very important standard in its desire to be a trusted company. P’s goal, where its products are concerned, is family safety. They need the consumers that purchase their products to come back and purchase more. The organization considers its commitment to safety as a part of its heritage and future. There are more Han 700 experts that work for PG globally, specifically to ensure the safety of its products with respect to environmental safety, human safety and the various regulatory compliance agencies around the world. Product Safety, 2014) Recommendation 5 Where product quality is concerned, PG is heavily involved. For example, in 2007, there were a number of product recalls in its pet food division. With keeping its powerful brand name, PG eventually sold off its pet division. This is an example of a recommendation that was followed and came out on top. With fast moving product, which is what PG relies on, having re-stocked rodents is important. Generating sales i s heavily reliant on new and innovative products. There is a possibility of having greater product quality if third party assets assisted in quality management. With so much product oversight on the inside of PG, this leaves room for bias. Outside experts, working independent of PG, and not under financial collusion, could assist in bringing greater product value to the market. (Chuan, 2010) Considering the size and reach of PG, their use of technology plays a significant role in its daily operations. They are reliant on IT systems for internet sites, data costing, processing facilities for tools and other hardware. The use of these IT systems includes services such as ordering and managing materials from suppliers; converting materials to finished products; shipping products to customers; marketing and selling products to consumers; collecting and storing customer, consumer, employee, investor and other stakeholder information and personal data; (PG – 2014 Annual Report, 2014) The firm has clearly stated A breach of information security, including a cyber-security breach or failure of one or more key information technology systems, networks, processes, associated sites or service providers could have a material adverse impact on our business or reputation. (PG – 2014 Annual Report, 2014) Recommendation 6 It is recommended that instead of relying heavily on its own employees for security management, to consider moving to a third party company and outsourcing its security. Ideally, with the extensive product development and its classified nature (until necessary patents are obtained), it is recommended that the firm receive the same level of security as the Department of Defense receives. Additionally, while the following details are likely classified, PG’s yester should be regularly hacked by white-hat hackers to determine potential security holes and assist in having them plugged. The culture at P is very strong. They lend the strength of their culture to its powerful innovation Structure. Is constantly displaying their formidable position on the planet as a leading innovator. A well-known process of moving the innovation from idea to prototype, to development, to qualification, to centralization is in place for the product launch model. Bob McDonald (2008) stated â€Å"Innovation requires a certain kind of culture, one that is curious ND courageous, connected and collaborative culture, and open-minded – a culture in which people want to take risks to identify game changing, life enhancing innovations. † McDonald went on to say that culture is not something that can fall under a mandate or be imposed. Good culture is grown on an organic level and while it cannot be demanded, it can be shaped and influenced. Recommendation 7 – Change management exists in all companies around the world, big and small. Dealing with the change comes down to working with employees in the firm to ensure the smooth transition. With constant changes in laws and isolations around the global, a global organization like Procter Gamble should consider a Change Consistency department, whereby change is predicted and the firm can then get ahead of it. Working with regulatory agencies around the world, it is possible that P can obtain potentially conflicted items based on ingredients. For example, in China, a number of products were found to have banned substances in them. Had there been a department designed to specifically combat these issues, P could come out on top and release products that do not interfere with a country regulatory efforts. With the above stated Change Management, there comes number of issues involving power, politics and conflict. With that in mind, everything comes down to quality leadership and effective communication. Without these two ingredients, it is too easy for a firm of this size to fall into complete disarray. How to cite Procter Gamble: From Top to Bottom – A Consultant’s View, Papers

Tropicana Orange free essay sample

They have a strong market share and their priority is to serve the best quality of fresh orange juices made from the best oranges in town. Tropicana Premium Orange Juice is one of the subsidiary of Pepsi Company. After such a long time being under the same label and packaging, in February 2009 Tropicana Premium Orange Juice changed the old packaging to a whole new design which looks completely different. Peter Arnell, the CEO of Arnell company, which is a design company that designed the new packaging of Tropicana Premium Orange Juice gave an idea to refresh the packaging of the orange juice by eliminating the orange and the straw in the old design with a cup of orange juice. The idea of the change is to give customers the look of whats really inside the carton, not the orange but whats inside the orange which is fresh orange juices.They also changed the cap into a more round-shaped cap with texture of an orange, the idea of this change is to make the customers feel like squeezing the orange before they finally open the package and drink the orange juice. We will write a custom essay sample on Tropicana Orange or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are trying to make good first impression on the new design which looks more modern. Unfortunately, the messages that Arnell trying to send was not delivered very well. Most of the customers complained about the new packaging of Tropicana, they said that the new design was not really attractive to them. The removal of the big orange and straw removes the strong message of fresh and juicy. The loyal customers of Tropicana Premium Orange Juice complained about the new picture of a cup of orange juice that gives a different look and perception about how the orange juice would taste although there is not different with the ingridients. After receiving many complains from the customers, followed by decrease of the product sales by 20% , within one month Tropicana Premium Orange finally changed the new packaging design into the old ones.This change received positive feedback from customers and followed by recovery of the sales of the product. The reason why the company changes their packaging is because they are trying to put a new concept and perception to the customer. The perceptual organization principles, figure and ground is people tend to organize perceptions into figures and ground relationship and the figure usually perceive clearly because in contrast to background.Arnell was tr ying to create a new image that will make a product has in the mind of the customer as consumer may rely more on the image conveyed by the brand than its actual attributes. The objective of Arnell to create the new design of the packaging is to communicate a modern and trendy lifestyle. However, the customere drink which make the consumers unwilling to purchase the ‘new’ Tropicana. This is in line with the perceived quality of products theory, where the consumers will judge the quality of a product based on the psychical characteristics of the product (in this case, the packaging).

Ducor Chemical Company

Free Essays on Mexico As A Developing Nation

Mexico as a Developing Nation â€Å"The realignment of world politics after the Second World War did not occur exclusively along East-West lines†¦At the same time, the emancipation of the formerly colonized peoples of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, South and Central America, the Caribbean, and the South Pacific began to foretell the second major conflict of contemporary international relations: the North-South confrontation† (Jones, pp148). Although the unifying theme among the Developing Nations is the struggle for development, there are broad differences among the more than 120 members. In this essay I would like to focus on Mexico. I will discuss three of the most significant factors concerning Mexico, economics, political aspects, and I will close with Mexico’s view on the War against Iraq, involving the U.S. and Britain. Economics in terms of Mexico can be explained through two theories, Conventional Theory, and Rational Theory. The Conventional Theory essentially states that the cause of unindustrialized nations is internal inefficiency and the best way to correct that problem is through outside help from developed countries. Some causes that contribute to the economic problem relating to the conventional theory are population and corruption. The Population of Mexico has a population density of 50 people per square mile with a total population of 100,365,000 with about 45% of the population considered unable to produce do to age, either too young or too old. This acts as a drain on the Economic growth, in that the younger populations consume but do not contribute as with the older population. Of this population 73% live in urban areas. This acts as a drain on the economy as well. Any economic growth must now be spent on Public Assistance such as Housing, health care; education, water, sanitation and waste removal, which all require sophisticated planning, capital accumulation and lead time. Corruption ha... Free Essays on Mexico As A Developing Nation Free Essays on Mexico As A Developing Nation Mexico as a Developing Nation â€Å"The realignment of world politics after the Second World War did not occur exclusively along East-West lines†¦At the same time, the emancipation of the formerly colonized peoples of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, South and Central America, the Caribbean, and the South Pacific began to foretell the second major conflict of contemporary international relations: the North-South confrontation† (Jones, pp148). Although the unifying theme among the Developing Nations is the struggle for development, there are broad differences among the more than 120 members. In this essay I would like to focus on Mexico. I will discuss three of the most significant factors concerning Mexico, economics, political aspects, and I will close with Mexico’s view on the War against Iraq, involving the U.S. and Britain. Economics in terms of Mexico can be explained through two theories, Conventional Theory, and Rational Theory. The Conventional Theory essentially states that the cause of unindustrialized nations is internal inefficiency and the best way to correct that problem is through outside help from developed countries. Some causes that contribute to the economic problem relating to the conventional theory are population and corruption. The Population of Mexico has a population density of 50 people per square mile with a total population of 100,365,000 with about 45% of the population considered unable to produce do to age, either too young or too old. This acts as a drain on the Economic growth, in that the younger populations consume but do not contribute as with the older population. Of this population 73% live in urban areas. This acts as a drain on the economy as well. Any economic growth must now be spent on Public Assistance such as Housing, health care; education, water, sanitation and waste removal, which all require sophisticated planning, capital accumulation and lead time. Corruption ha...

The future technologies of drug delivery systems Essay

The future technologies of drug delivery systems - Essay Example teins or synthetic gene design have matured to the level where they can transferred to industrial applications in recombinant protein design (Kayser & Warzecha, 2012). On the basis on genetic code, numerous proteins that have been approved for clinical use are subjected to alterations. These changes occur in amino acid substitution so as to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity. In addition, these changes also lead to the development of antagonist functionality. These derived proteins with site directed mutations are referred to as muteins and display good pharmacological attributes. Several approved recombinant therapeutic products are engineered post-biosynthesis. From the molecular biology background, post-translational engineering is associated with glycosylation or lipidation post-biosynthesis (Kayser & Warzecha, 2012). A drug delivery system (DDS) is defined as a formulation or device that allows the introduction of a therapeutic substance in the body, such a system is capable of improving the efficacy as well as safety of the substance by controlling the rate, time and place of release of the drug in the body. This process includes the administration of the therapeutic product, the release of active ingredients across the biological membrane to the site of action (Jain, 2008). The majority of the pharmacological attributes of classic drugs can be enhanced by the use of drug delivery systems. These include particulate carriers mostly comprising of polymers and lipids as well as their associated therapeutics. Drug delivery systems are devised to change the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the drugs. Alternatively, these drug delivery systems function as reservoirs for the associated drugs (Allen & Cullis, 2004). The main objective of medicine and pharmacy is the delivery of any medication at the right time in a safe and reproducible fashion to a particular target and at the appropriate level. However, this requirement is often

QUALITY ASSURANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

QUALITY ASSURANCE - Essay Example Therefore, the management of RWDi decided to appoint a management consultant in order to identify the main reasons for declining sales along with the loss of customers. According to the observation of the consultant, it has been notified that the organisation has never adopted any sort of marketing orientation programme in order to understand consumers’ needs and preferences. In accordance with the consultant’s report, the management of RWDi took certain imperative initiatives such as deliverance of quality training for all of its staff for the purpose of mitigating its vulnerable business situation. With this concern, the report intends to discuss the concept of quality along with total quality and identification of hard as well as soft problems faced by RWDi. Moreover, certain effective solutions and proper evaluation regarding the improvement of RWDIs’ vulnerable situation will also be depicted in the report. 2.0 Concept of Quality and Total Quality Quality Th e perception of quality is typically regarded to be one of the major and wide-ranging concepts that ensure to offer superior value of products or services according to the needs and preferences of the consumers. ... liverance of quality products is regarded to be one of the vital elements that raise productivity which, in turn, leads towards generating greater revenue. Moreover, the efficiency of offering quality products can also augment employment opportunities as well as technological advancement to a significant extent (Beckford, 2009). Total Quality Management The idea of Total Quality Management (TQM) can be defined as the level of optimisation and amalgamation of all business activities and processes that facilitate the organisations to comply with the anticipation of their customers (University of Liverpool, n.d.). It is fundamentally viewed to be an effective approach that supports an organisation to enlarge their customer base levels, motivate the workers, maximise revenues as well as minimise costs. An effective practice of TQM is considerably focused on promoting customer’s needs and demands at large. With this regard, it is quite essential for an organisation to identify and understand the needs and desires of the customers in terms of offering quality products or services with the intention of accomplishing its expected business goals (The University of Groningen, 2007). 2.1 Problems Hard Problems According to the case of RWDi, it can be identified that the organisation overlooked the utilisation of marketing orientation programmes for its products, which can be considered as one of the major or hard problems of the organisation. Moreover, lack of implementing TQM programmes can further be considered as another hard problem for RWDi. Soft Problems From the perspective of identifying the soft problems of RWDi, it has been observed that the sales of the organisation were declined and lost valuable customers due to the aforementioned major or hard problems. 3.0

The Automobile in America (American History) Research Paper

The Automobile in America (American History) - Research Paper Example Cars had been invented many decades earlier, but its high cost limited access to the majority of Americans. The Ford Company in the 1920’s changed the industry forever. The company’s superior mass production techniques allowed Ford to lower the cost of producing an automobile dramatically. The Ford Model T was the car model that became a mainstream in the 1920’s when the price of the auto was reduced to $310, nearly $500 cheaper than a decade earlier (Kenney, 2001). The company had the best selling product in America which was a critical success factor that gave Ford a competitive advantage. The Ford Company valued the effort of its workers. The company created thousands of good paying jobs which helped the American economy. By the end of the 1920’s Ford had manufactured and distributed 15 million Ford T vehicles across America (Virgina). The proliferation of the automobile accelerated the speed of growth of the American economy due to the fact that the ab ility to commute freely increased commercial activity and the amount of work opportunities for

Rising interest on entrepreneurship

Rising interest on entrepreneurship 1.0 INTRODUCTION The rising interest on entrepreneurship has become a regular topics discussed among academician and politician and there are many evidence can be seen worldwide (Levenburg and Schwarz, 2008). In the U.S alone, for the past 10 years, on averaged 600,000 new businesses was incorporated each year (Kuratko, 2005). There is also a significant increase in endowment received by business schools in the U.S. for entrepreneurship activities. Since 1995 US$10 million had been contributed compared to an average US$500,000 to US$1 million in early 1990s (Katz, 2003). Studies on forty countries entrepreneurship activities by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) have seen the sharp increased from 2 per cent to 29 per had confirm this fact (Levenburg and Schwarz, 2008). There are many reasons for it and why it is becoming more important nowadays. Due to the advantages and attractiveness of entrepreneurship in the economy, Lambing and Kuehl (2007) noted a remarkable increase in new business in the U.S. for the past 10 15 years. The practice of downsizing by big firms also believed to contribute into the increasing number of people considering entrepreneurship as a career not only because of unemployment but also decreasing interest of people pursuing career in a big corporation. They feel that the organizations have no longer provided the job security and career opportunities that they once did. The use of technology in the working places had taking away many jobs in the organization and reduced the need for labor and manager in big firms. Due to these factors, many people deciding to become independent in pursuing their economic needs (Lambing and Kuehl, 2007). Entrepreneurial firms had a crucial contribution into the economy as they become a part of renewal process of declining economies with its innovation which lead to technological change and growth in productivity. Not only that, they also become the main employment provider which enable all walk of life to access the economic accomplishment (Kuratko, 2005). In Malaysia, the seriousness of the government in promoting entrepreneurship among Malaysian can be seen with various programs and incentives offered to the current and future entrepreneur. In 2007, Prime Minister of Malaysia, YAB Dato Seri Abdullah bin Hj. Ahmad Badawi had presented in the National budget a special agenda that cater to develop competitive Bumiputera entrepreneur. Several public and private agencies had also be formed such as the formation of Perbadanan Usahawan Nasional Berhad (PUNB) in 1991 which has successfully developed Bumiputera entrepreneurs in strategic industries and trade sectors such as in oil and gas, electrical and electronics and ICT (2007 Budget Speech by Prime Minister). In order to support this effort financially, financial institutions such as Bank Simpanan Malaysia and Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia will providing micro credit facilities to Bumiputera entrepreneur and become one of the proof to the government effort to promote entrepreneurial quest among its citizens. There is no doubt on the important of entrepreneurship for the nations economy as Ibrahim and Soufani (2002) found in their research. The small business sector in Canada plays a significant role in the economy. However, without proper training and guidance there is a likelihood that the entrepreneur will face the business failure as found out by Ibrahim and Soufani (2002). They had identified the major cause of the high failure rate in a new business venture is the entrepreneur lack of managerial skills and competencies and agreed that entrepreneurship training is a key strategy to reduce the high failure rate in the small business sector. This is supported by Sullivan (2000) who stated that entrepreneurial learning is of critical importance to the survival and growth of SMEs in most marketplaces. Henry et al (2005) suggested that in order for entrepreneurial development programs to be effective, learning must be based in real work situations so that a person can implement what they have learnt better. The use of Kolbs learning cycle that is involved in experiencing, reflecting, conceptualizing, and experimentation concept during the process of learning will help them to apply what they have learnt in the real organizational or business setting into their own venture. This is when the entrepreneurship education can play its role and becoming the instrument in creating more and more entrepreneur in the society. However it is crucial to understand who is entrepreneur and what are their traits so that the learning process can be programmed in such a way that benefit to the target audience and able to reach its objectives. 2.0 THE GENERAL CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP To better understand the topic, this part will explain the theoretical concept of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship traits, and motivation factors of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship is a dynamic subject to discuss and there are many angles it can be viewed, critics, and studied and there is no one fixed definition for it (Zimmerer et al, 2008; Brooks, 2009; Barringer and Ireland, 2008). The definitions are different from one writer to another where most of it are derived from their readings or research they had conducted. Brooks (2009) viewed entrepreneurship from the classical economic model and defined entrepreneurship as a factor of production, or an input to production such as labor, physical capital, human capital, and land and entrepreneur is an individual who put the element of skills and risk that they add into the inputs. Joseph Schumpeter (an Austrian economist) describes entrepreneurship as an economic force that had droved capitalism in the western world which mainly characterize by the will to succeed, competitiveness and success in the economic activity (Brooks, 2009). Brooks (2009) adds that entrepreneurship success comes from the creativity and innovativeness of an individual or organization which gives enormous impact to the economy by creating of new jobs and employment opportunity. According to Wenneker and Thurik (1999) entrepreneur can be divided â€Å"into three intellectual traditions according to the German, neo-classical, and Austrian†which summarized the function of entrepreneur as a leader to market stability through entrepreneurial activities, profitability opportunist, and â€Å"creator of instability through its creative destruction†. Based on this study Hebert and Link (1989) defined the entrepreneur as â€Å"someone who specializes in taking responsibility for and making judgmental decisions that affect the location, form, and the use of goods, resources, or institutions†(Wenneker and Thurik, 1999). Entrepreneurship is made of entrepreneur that is an individual who creates new business in the face of risk and uncertainty for achieving profit and growth opportunities (Zimmerer et al, 2008). These individuals than assembles necessary resources to capitalize those opportunities in order to materialize its goals. There are different views on which entrepreneurship traits that really turn someone to become successful entrepreneur. Table 1 summarized some of the entrepreneurship traits in the view of different writers and researchers. Author Entrepreneurship Traits Zimmerer et al (2008) from David McClelland 1. Desire for responsibility 2. Preference for moderate risk (risk eliminators) 3. Confidence in their ability to succeed 4. Desire for immediate feedback 5. High level of energy 6. Future orientation (serial entrepreneurs) 7. Skill in organization 8. Value of achievement over money Zimmerer et al (2008) 1. High degree of commitment 2. Willingness to accept risk, work hard and take action 3. Flexibility Barringer and Ireland (2008) 1. Passion for the Business 2. Product/Customer Focus 3. Tenacity Despite Failure 4. Execution Intelligence David A. Kirby (2004) 1. Risk-taking capability 2. Need for achievement 3. Locus control 4. Desire for autonomy 5. Deviancy 6. Creativity and opportunism 7. Intuition Timmons et al from David A. Kirby (2004) 1. Total commitment, determination, and perseverance 2. Drive to achieve and grow 3. Orientation to goals and opportunities 4. Taking initiative and personal responsibility 5. Veridical awareness and a sense of humour 6. Seeking and using feedback 7. Internal locus control 8. Tolerance of ambiguity, stress and uncertainty 9. Calculated risk-taking and risk sharing 10. Low need for status and power 11. Integrity and reliability 12. Decisiveness, urgency and patience 13. Learning from failure 14. Team builder and hero maker Mario Rutten (2001) on Chinese entrepreneur 1. Strong emphasis on personal advancement 2. Hard work and self-sacrifice for the family honour, community, and ancestors. Alina M. Zapalska and Will Edwards (2001) on traditional authority and entrepreneurial culture for direction in life 1. Confucian culture to the family 2. A strong tendency to promote the collective or the group 3. A deep respect for age, hierarchy, and authority 4. Importance of reputation achieved through hard work and successful enterprise Colette Henry, Frances Hill, and Claire Leitch (2005) 1. Entrepreneur is someone who involved in the process of creating something different in the business. Donald F. Kuratko (2005) on entrepreneurship characteristics 1. Opportunities seekers 2. Beyond security risk taker 3. Tenacity to   push idea through reality Table 1: The summarize entrepreneurship traits What motivate individual to become an entrepreneur? What motivate a person to become an entrepreneur? There are many authors or researchers that had conducted on such matter had varies in views from the aspect of psychology, sociology and economic anthropology. From the view of psychology, this research try to look into the mental model of an entrepreneur whether their motivation or behavior is based on thought that they see from surrounding which relate one part to another that finally have the consequences to their actions. For example, research by Autere and Autio (2000) had found that from their qualitative study on the small software firms in Finland, mimicking behavior of success businesses plays a role in creating new entrepreneur and their behavior orientation can be acquired through imitation. The mental model of the management in the big firms also influenced the behavior of new and small firms, and therefore can be learned through experience and external influences. The growth-oriented of the external model perceived by the new entrepreneur also influence their behavior toward advancement of their business. By exposing the growth-oriented mental models into the management of the new business, this will induce greater growth orientation among their managers. They also found that if the exposure to growth-oriented mental models is introduce earlier in the business life, this will instill a growth-oriented culture in the firm and lead to faster growth in the future. There are also many questions on whether there are different motivating factors on individual from different culture. Many researchers try to explain this human economic behavior and this is what the economic anthropology comes into the picture. Economic anthropology is a description and analysis of economic life, using an anthropological perspective which approaches and locates aspects of peoples individual and collective lives (personal and society) and how its linking with one another (Carrier, 2005).   Durrenberger (2005) describe the economic anthropology as a system in which people produce, distribute, and consume goods in order to meet their material needs and this systems look into how   it was organized, operate, created, and connected to other systems. Dalton (1968) mentioned that the economic anthropology is concerned with the organization of economy and its connection between economic and social organization and the results of economic process which relates to productivity. Because of this reasons, the entrepreneur exist due to the needs of the society that need to be filled and this existence benefit the society with systematically organized economy where the exchange of needs can be met. What drive an entrepreneur can be said that human wants are no longer limited and LeClair Jr. (1962) mentioned that contemporary economist have long since adopted a broader view of human wants. A person has to deal with the fact that their aspirations always exceed their capabilities and they have to economize their capabilities with the significance of meeting their desires to the fullest extent possible (LeClair Jr., 1962). This can be filled with the association of economic process which described by LeClair Jr. (1962) as an event of producing goods or services for utilization or consumption of the produce goods or services for the satisfaction of human wants. One of the major paradigms in economic anthropology is culturalism. One of the focus in this study would be trying to determine whether culture play an important role in encouraging the entrepreneurship behavior among member of its society. It is crucial to understand what culture is all about before we know what role it plays in the entrepreneurship. Schein (2004) defined culture as a pattern of shared basic assumptions that group learned as it solved its problems through external adaptation with the internal integrations. When this has worked well enough to be considered valid, therefore it is taught to new members as it is a correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to the problems. Schein (2004) classified the level of culture from the surface to the deepest level based on the degree of visibility of the cultural phenomenon to the observer. Artifacts such as architecture, language, technology, products, etc. are at the surface of cultural level which is the visible organizational structures and processes that can be sees, hears, and feels (Schein 2004). A person interpretation on others will be predictably being the projections of his feelings and reactions from his experienced. Related to this, a person motivation to become an entrepreneur can be from his experienced by looking what the benefits and rewards that entrepreneurship can offer from his surrounding. If he saw it as a positive experienced, there is a positive tendency that he will also motivated to do the same and vice versa. The motivation to become an entrepreneur can also cause by the personality of different individual. Different culture does have different perception on how a person develops their personality. People from Asia are known as less focused on differentiating the individual from the group and put less emphasis on self-actualization compare to the westerners which have a strong concepts of the individualistic where being different from the group is not being seen as indifferent (Schein, 2004). Asian sees group opinion or values is more important than taking own actions and benefits to the group is more important than their own and always put their own interest last. For example, Asian Chinese entrepreneurs hold a strong belief in collective organization management and see challenges as a group endeavors rather than individual objectives (Zapalska and Edwards, 2001). This is why some successful entrepreneur is found to come from a group or families. Berger (1991) explains that family entrepreneurship is directly responsible for Hong Kongs extraordinary economic success. Paternalistic management style in the traditional Chinese family where the father in the family had the autocratic power is responsible for adding family wealth had become the reason of the family economic advancement. This creates competition among families and this style was brought into the business which finally creates vicious competition among firms. However because of this competition, researchers found that family based firm does not last long. Their estimation is between two and a half to three generations (Berger, 1991). The role of family as the most critical element in developing individual entrepreneurial character was also supported by Gupta (1991) from her interviews on Indian entrepreneurs. The rise of economic success of Chinese businessmen in recent years also being said to be contributed by the solidarity, closeness and strong ties between family and clan that they had portrayed. Unlike their counterpart on the West which emphasized more on individualistic spirit, collectivism is being the core values that they hold in doing business. Rutten (2001) believed that combining with personal loyalty to family and group welfare, social and family environment with strong traditional values and practices, has contributed to the development of entrepreneurship in Asia. However, a country advancement and progress do not take place in a single society as a whole but through the network of diversified collective of its social life. To flourish, small-scale entrepreneurs have to develop their technical and social skills. They have to build the external networks between suppliers, sellers, customers, entrepreneur and others and made them become part of the institutional structures that they had built (Berger, 1991). In order to success, network had become an element which play an important role in doing business (Gidsell, 1991). This institutional structure is not only in the form of family relations but also in the ethnic group they belong. It is believed that entrepreneur from the same ethnic had the advantages and benefited from belonging to the group because of they shared same ethics and cultural norms. Landa (1991) found that the shared ethics and cultural norms had functioned as social capital where they can reduce cost of business by receiving low interest or even interest free loan from fellow ethnic entrepreneur. Gidsell (1991) found that entrepreneur from the same ethnic groups not only providing initial capital and stock but also the running the day-to-day operation of business.   Social capital is not the only capital that this ethnic entrepreneur received. Godsell (1991) mentioned that network built in the ethnic groups did provide the entrepreneur with spiritual capital. This network becomes the way of their survival and as a result prospering the community. Tangible recognition in the form of honorary doctorates and other public awards (Godsell, 1991) and the structural factors such as religion, culture and socio-political conditions of community support (Gupta, 1991) would also help the entrepreneur to move forward. The cultural aspect had become the interest of many researchers that study entrepreneurship and had emerged as study of ethnic entrepreneurship (Light, 2004; Greene and Chaganti, 2004; Iyer, 2004). This study had ranged from the entrepreneurial behavior into the financial aspect of the business. Light (2004) seen ethnic entrepreneurship as an economic activity that had result from the actions of minority ethnic group to reduce their disadvantage and exclusion from the labor market. Self-employment or entrepreneurship had played a major role in this community and as a result, ethnic entrepreneur are always seen as an employment provider to fellow co-ethnic when the employment opportunities is limited for them.   3.0ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION Because of the challenges and uncertain future face by the people today, there will be a greater need for them to have entrepreneurial skills and abilities so they can deal it with. Factors such as reduction of trade barriers due to the globalization of economy, technology advancement, privatisation of public service has created complexity and uncertainty in the society which cause changes in organisational management and even individual perception towards employment (Henry et al, 2005). The changing landscapes of economic environment give important role for entrepreneurship education to play. The important of entrepreneurship education can be seen as it becomes the political agenda and the priority for both industrially developed and developing countries. It is agree that the entrepreneurship education can increase the quality and quantity of graduate entrepreneurs which enter into the country economy. Education they received in the higher education institutions had absolutely influence their attitude towards entrepreneurship and equips them with necessary knowledge and skills for entrepreneurial activities (Matlay, 2006). With the increasing demand for study of entrepreneurship, there have been seen the explosion of sudden increase in the number of entrepreneurship courses offered in the higher education institution where 2,200 courses had been offered at over 1,600 schools in the United States alone (Katz, 2003), and it also believed the same growth of interest had occurred in other countries as well such as in Europe and Asia. There are also a number of major academic institutions in the U.S which had developed programs in entrepreneurship research. With the research conducted combined with symposium and conference, it has become the means of acquiring for latest developments in entrepreneurship (Kuratko, 2005). Even though the gaining popularity and interest of entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions, this field is said to be at its early life phase which debates are still continuing on conceptual and methodological issues. Henry et al (2005) said that previous research from various disciplines had been conducted without developing its theoretical framework had cause many different analyses and outcomes from the research conducted on the subject. Until now, the different views prolonged because each of researchers or experts involved do not use each others work and the huge knowledge generated on entrepreneurship research had cause the discipline to be fragmented and never been cumulated (Henry et al, 2005). There are continuous debate (Henry et al, 2005) on entrepreneurship definition and interchangeable term use to describe entrepreneurship such as entrepreneur, enterprise and small business may not give advantage for the studies of entrepreneurship and as a result it is difficult to assess the current situation of entrepreneurship education. Matlay (2006) suggested the need for better review for such programmes because of the existence of content difference and its quality among business schools that had offered such courses and had continuously creating debates among academician related to its appropriateness and effectiveness. In addition of the difficulties of conceptualizing and contextualizing the field of entrepreneurship education, will lead to a puzzle and mislead policy maker which cause the credibility of academician involves affected and questions the need for further funding in this field. However, the effort to centralize the studies on entrepreneurship for its excellence can be seen with the establishment of consortium of research center across the U.S. (Kuratko, 2005). According Kurako (2005) among the sources of understanding on entrepreneurial activities are coming from academic research and publications, observation on entrepreneurs, speeches and presentations from conferences or seminars. Kuratko from literature reviewed had seen suggestion from various researchers regarding the entrepreneurship education pedagogy which among it is the important to deal with the ambiguous nature of business entry, developing skill-building courses such as negotiation, leadership, new product development, creative thinking, and exposure to technological innovation. Awareness programs such as entrepreneurship as employment choice, financial and legal aspects of business management, into out of the class approach such as field trips, consultation with practicing entrepreneurs and even competitions can also be seen as a good approach in educating future entrepreneurs. There are also suggestions on the important of considering who the target audience is in designing such programs. There will be different learning needs of entrepreneur at different stages of business development they currently have. It is necessary to have different pedagogic approach for different target audience so the educators and trainer or training provider can improve their approach in entrepreneurial learning. And it is important to match and characterized between what are perceived by entrepreneurial characteristics and how to educate it (Henry et al, 2005). As illustrated by the following table, the framework of entrepreneurship education can be divided into three level. Approach on Entrepreneurship Education Jamieson (1984) Garavan and OCinneide (1994) Cox (1996) McMullan and Boberg (1991) Level 1 Graduate or undergraduate students awareness creation specific objectives on various aspects of setting up and running a business theoretically perspective foster skills, attitude, and values to increase number of people who knowledgeable about small business and will consider it as a career in the future objectives : promoting self-efficacy with regard to new venture creation provides mastery experience to entrepreneurship experience or opportunities exposure to real-life entrepreneur Case method was effective in developing analytical skills and ability to synthesise information. Project method perceived to develop and enhance knowledge and understanding of subject area. Level 2 preparation of aspiring entrepreneur career of self-employment specific objective :   setting up a business and running the business practical skills for small business set-up and management preparation of business plan provide practical help to those who want to make transition from traditional employment to self-employment focus : raising finance, marketing problem, and legal issues. Level 3 management training for establish entrepreneurs focused on growth and future business development product development and marketing training will provides skills, knowledge and attitudes continuing small business education. Focused to enhance and update their skills. Table 2 : The framework of entrepreneurship education Role of academic entrepreneurship must orientated towards innovative and need to change rapidly in order to become the leader in creating entrepreneur effort (Kirby, 2004). He feels it is important for the business school to look into the process of developing entrepreneurial skills, attributes, and behaviours of its student in addition to their understanding on the business management by specifically designed the modules and courses and by changing the learning environment that can help to develop their awareness and strengthen their entrepreneurial characteristics and skills. He proposed that the traditional way of learning had to be shifted to more students oriented which gives â€Å"students ownership of their learning, more involvement in real word situation, encourages students to formulate decisions on incomplete data, immediate and dubious, and providing role models to them.† Education is not the only factors that had motivate graduates to become entrepreneur   as Matlay (2006) found that other reasons for such as the current socio-economy and educational conditions together with personal, family and peer influences often affect their desires, motivation, and prospect. 4.0RESEARCH QUESTIONS The question now is whether entrepreneurship education can be developed based on the entrepreneurship traits? And is it possible to teach entrepreneurship to others? Zimmerer (2008) argues that entrepreneurship can not be taught to others but the necessary skills of small business management are teachable and as Kirby (2004) noted that â€Å"entrepreneurship is about possessing or acquiring a particular set of attributes, skills and behaviors† and this can be possessed by learning. The following will be the sub-questions for this research; What is the motivation for an individual to become an entrepreneur based on cultural perspective? Are there any differences in motivation factors between ethnic in Malaysia? What are the required traits by the entrepreneur in the industry? Can entrepreneurship traits be transferred? Is the entrepreneurship program in the higher technical institutions address the requirements by the entrepreneur involve in the industries? If the required traits are addressed by the higher technical institutions, what is the right way to transfer it to the students? 5.0EMPIRICAL STUDIES The choice of research method depends on the nature of the research problems. It is proposed that the research will be using both qualitative and quantitative methods.   Based on the literature review and the theoretical c

The Challange of Space Travel Essay -- Space Exploration Essays

The reasons for space travel are countless. Population growth is a major problem that could be helped if space travel led to discovering potentially viable living environments other than Earth. Currently, the population is doubling every 35 years and may speed up with increased technology (1). There is a vicious cycle of poverty, lack of education, and corruption that is already occurring in third world countries due to the population. A second problem that could be helped is a direct result of the first. Industrial production must be maintained, but space and resources on Earth are limited. Space exploration may allow people to relocate these processes, preventing humans from being ruined by their own wastes (1). Discovering the origins of the universe is a major reason, as moving through space means moving back in time. Eventually, scientists hope to be able to travel back to when the Big Bang occurred, answering questions that are not yet explained by current theories. Also, spin-offs from discoveries made during previous space travel led to our satellite communications systems, GPS, and CAT scanning which has improved many lives (2). The inspiration for further research spurred by space exploration can be phenomenal. The proponents of interstellar exploration have made many advances in space travel. Amazingly, space travel did not begin until halfway through last century! In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first manmade satellite into space, Sputnik 1. Later that year, Sputnik 2 carrying the first animal, Laika, entered into orbit (4). The U.S., through NASA, launched Pioneer 1 in 1958. During the 1960s, the Soviet Union and the U.S. were in a race to be the first to land on the moon. In 1969, the United States successf... ...erse. Works Cited: (1)Meinzer, Dr. Carl. â€Å"Space Travel: A Waste of Our Money or a Necessary Investment in Our Future?† AMSAT-DL Journal, Nr. 1/19 March/May 1992. http://www.amsat-dl.org/space.htm (2)Bush, George W. â€Å"President Bush Announces New Vision for Space Exploration Program.† Jan 2004. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040114-3.htm (3)â€Å"Space Travel Increases Some Health Risks† Science @ NASA: Interim Mir Science Results Symposium. http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad04nov98_1.htm (4)Armstrong, Dennis. â€Å"Mission Timelines† NASA. October 2004. http://www.nasa.gov/missions/timeline/index.htm (5)â€Å"Future Spaceflight† BBC: Science & Nature. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/exploration/futurespaceflight/index.shtml (6)â€Å"Interstellar Travel† Wikipedia. 19 October 2004. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_travel

Tamil Media Industry

POST_ GRADUATION PROGRAMME IN PLANNING AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP_ {draw:frame} Submitted by .G. Raja Saravanan (09)-F1 Vasanth. G (39)-F1 .G. Alfa Bhandari (03)-F2 Ramya Santhanagopalan (30)-F2 BATCH – PGP/SS/2008 -2010 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN Yours truly, (*Prof. K. *Sashi Rao) Chennai ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We also take privilege in honoring our institution IIPM for allowing us to carry out our project in our area of interest. We thank Raj Network, Sun Network, Star Vijay and Jaya Network for giving us this opportunity. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all those who helped us in getting the useful inputs which has gone a long way to increase our knowledge. We would be failing in our duty if we do not thank our parents and friends without whose well wishes, this project might not have become a success. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION ABOUT STUDY The Study deal with three key areas of focus: (1) An analysis of how the mass media informally educate their audiences through their descriptions and presentations of significant information. 2) The results of a series of interviews with a theoretical sample of people that explores how they describe themselves and how they perceive the quality of information being provided and also they were asked to respond about their perception on different channels. Thus, resulting in analysis of how effective they are in terms of attracting and satisfying to the need of their viewers. 3) Strategies Adopted & Challenges faced by Channels for successfu l establishment. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: To study the consumers attitude towards the Raj Network To analyze the customer preference towards Raj Network. To study about how to help Raj Network to increase its Revenue. To study about how further strategies and investment could be followed to improve the Raj Network. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: This study is confined to Chennai. Further study can be made in other cities also. This study may help the company to find out about the attitude of the Raj Network. The findings of this study may help the company to implement proper strategies that would attract more viewers (audiences). COMPANY PROFILE It is being telecasted in 135 countries RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology underlines the various steps involved by the researcher in systematically solving the problem with the objective of determining various facts. The major purpose of analytical research is to analyze the state affaires as it exists at present. Analytical research includes survey and in-depth analysis of variables. The research plan calls for gathering primary and secondary data. The Sampling Method adopted for the present study is Simple Random Sampling METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION Primary Data Secondary Data SECONDARY DATA DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Table 1 The number of *hours a respondent watching television in a day {draw:frame} _From the above table it can be inferred that nearly half (46%) of the respondents watch television for 3 to 5 hours a day and the least population of about 8% spend time for watching television more than 5 hours a day. _ Table-2 The time slot preferred by respondents to watch television {draw:frame} _It can be inferred from the abo ve table that, 7 P. M to 10 P. M is the peak hours for watching television and with very less respondents being interested to watch television early morning and late night after 10 P. M which covers only 5%. _ Table-3 The respondents preference towards various programmes telecasted on Television {draw:frame} Table -4 The number of respondents watching various Tamil Channels {draw:frame} Table -5 The rating of various Tamil channels according to the preference of respondents Table-6 The perception of respondents to add more variety of programmes to the Raj NETWORK {draw:frame} Table-7 The attitude of respondents towards of watching Raj NETWORK {draw:frame} From the above table it can be inferred that _the only 15% of the respondents watch RAJ NETWORK daily and most of the viewers, covering about 26% are not very specific in watching RAJ NETWORK. Table-8 The respondents watching various Raj Network Channels {draw:frame} _The above table shows that only 33% out of 24 respondents watch RAJ NETWORK whereas RAJ VISTA viewers are almost negligible covering just 4% of the total viewership_. Table-9 The viewers feedback on the various parameters of Raj Network {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:f rame} {draw:frame} FINDINGS The survey revealed that Sun Network and Vijay TV is the main competitor of the Raj Network in Chennai. Most of the viewers prefer to watch the Mega Serials and Reality shows. People are also interested in Vijay TV’s innovative programs People watch Raj TV only when they surf the channels. Regarding Raj Network’s Performance, viewers gave different opinions. Regarding the quality factors of Raj Network (News Channel) most of the viewers had opinion that the news readers and reporters don’t have excellent personality and excellent interpersonal skills. SUGGESTIONS Raj TV can improve their technology standard. They can do some innovative programs to gain the new viewers and lost viewers. Promote information contribution from the people like sharing amateur video footage on public interest. Add more discussions on local issues regarding the welfare of the society. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The scope of the study restricted to only few areas. Subscribers may not give an accurate data. Busy nature of the respondents. Sample size limited to 150 Respondent’s bias towards certain entertainment channels. Lack of response from customers & resistance was yet another factor that damped the spirit of the researchers. CONCLUSION It is clear that Sun Network and Star Vijay are the leaders in the Tamil Channels. Raj Network has to introduce more innovative programmes. Raj Network has to improve the picture and sound clarity to become as competitive as other Tamil Channels. Raj Network should target the Tamil audience as a whole, knowing their preferences. BIBILIOGRAPHY WEBSITES www. sunnetwork. org www. rajtvnet. in www. jayanetwork. in www. vijay. indya. com www. tamindia. com www. indiantelevision. com APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE *Do you have a NETWORK*? Yes b) No Yes b) No *For how many hours in a day, do you watch NETWORK*.? *When do you watch NETWORK*. generally? Which Tamil channels do you watch? Others _ Which programmers you watch most and regularly? Amongst the following channels which program you like the most? Kindly rank the Tamil channels according to your preference. Others (please specify) What do you like or dislike about the following channels? * How often you watch Raj NETWORK*.? Which Raj network channels you watch? Kindly rank Raj Network channels according to your preference. Raj Vista [ ] *How would you rate Raj NETWORK* on the following parameters? Kindly tick the appropriate box *Do you think Raj NETWORK* needs to add more Variety to its existing set of Programmes? Your suggestions about Raj NETWORK Name (Optional): Mother Tongue: Age Group (Tick the appropriate one) Competitors Profiles MAJOR BRANDS IN THE CHENNAI TELEVISION MARKET: Sun Network Jaya Network Raj Network Star Vijay Mr Kalanithi Maran, Chairman and Managing Director of the Sun TV Network Limited. SunTV Network's programming is a mixed bag. All the channels have a wholesome blend of †¢ Films †¢ Film-Based Shows †¢ Superhit serials †¢ NEWS Capsules †¢ Talk shows †¢ Children's hours †¢ Women Show. {draw:frame} Sun Network is being telecasted in Asia South Africa Australia Europe USA Canada It is being telecasted in more than 150 countries JAYA NETWORK J. Jayalalithya,*( Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu )* MD, Chairman and Managing Director of the *Jaya *Network Limited. {draw:frame} The Network runs a number of popular serials presented by some of the best names in South Indian films today. These in combination with a number of popular chat shows and game shows give the network an edge with the viewers. Tamil Channels: Jaya TV, Jaya Max, Jaya news & Jaya Plus Jaya Network is being telecasted in Australia New Zealand STAR VIJAY It is a popular Indian entertainment channel broadcasting in Tamil. The channel is owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. It is best known for serving its viewers with a mix of content, not limited to mega serials/daily soaps like other Tamil channels. The main reason of success of STAR Vijay is its share of reality shows. Reality shows were first introduced to the audiences by STAR Vijay Star Vijay is being telecasted in Sri Lanka US Canada Secondary Data of Raj TV Raj Television defers expansion plans The Rs150-200 crore investment for launch of 12 regional channels has been put on hold for 12-18 months Vidhya Sivaramakrishnan Chennai: Media and broadcast company Raj Television Network Ltd has delayed plans to launch 12 regional channels and buy a Tamil newspaper by another 12-18 months, as the company waits for the economy to revive to raise funds, two top executives said. The Chennai-based broadcaster, which raised Rs52. 81 crore in an initial public offering in February 2007, had proposed investing Rs150-200 crore for the launches, with part of the funds coming from private equity firms. These plans are now deferred because of the current market conditions, M. Raajhendran, managing director of Raj Television, said in a recent meeting. Raj TV is already struggling with thin audience ratings in a crowded regional television market. According to TAM Media Research Pvt. Ltd, a viewership rating firm, mmands a 96% share, while Raj Digital Plus has the remaining viewership, TAM data shows. Raj TV currently runs four television channels in Tamil and one each in Kannada and Telugu, primarily in the music, news and general entertainment categories. Of the proposed channels, for which the company already has licences, three would be in Malayalam and two each in Kannada and Telugu. It is yet to decide on the other five channels. Within a span of one-and-a-half years, the global markets will also be good and we will raise funds,† Raajhendran said. â€Å"We are going slow. † Prakash Dharmarajan, Chennai president of advertising firm Ogilvy and Mathpwer, said Raj TV cannot depend solely on new channels to improve its business. â€Å"It (Raj TV’s success in other states) would entirely depend on their progra mming content. Is it easy? It is not. At the end of the day, people watch programmes, not channels,† he said. On the company’s print plans, promoter and whole-time director M. Ravindran said that though the company is in talks with a few people, a deal is not likely immediately. â€Å"We want to buy out some established print player, but it will take some time,† he said, without elaborating. Raj TV has since released two of the four movies it has produced so far, investing Rs23 crore. They made profits of 10-15% on an average, Ravindran said, but declined details. The studio and office complex, too, needs another year to be ready, he added. Raj Television’s revenue in fiscal 2008-09 increased to Rs62. 41 crore from Rs58. 69 crore in the previous year, but fell way short of its targeted 40-50% revenue growth. Net profit for the year ended 31 March fell to Rs3. 72 crore, from Rs13. 46 crore earlier. MUMBAI: The Sun Network has hit back at Raj TV's claims of having cornered the number two position in Tamil Nadu. MUMBAI: Raj TV seems to be in no mood to give up its claim as the second most popular channel in Tamil Nadu. A few months ago, the channel had cited TAM data to indicate that it was the number two channel after Sun TV. The credit to this, Raj gave to its Friday night blockbuster movies. However, the claim had sparked off a scramble for the slot. Eight months down the line, the big fight continues. Pointing to a survey initiated by The Hindu and conducted by TNS Mode (the fourth largest market information group in the world), Raj TV has again asserted its number two position in Chennai. This, of course, means that Raj is the most preferred channel after the undisputed leader Sun TV and its sibling KTV. The TNS poll was conducted in Chennai among 230 men and women. According to the survey, while a major chunk (77 per cent) respondents claimed to be loyal viewers of Sun TV and 5 per cent watched KTV, Raj was the hot favourite among four per cent television viewers. Of the rest, viewership for Vijay TV and Sumangali Cable Vision (which also belongs to the Sun TV stable) was two per cent each. The other channels – including Jaya TV – put together figures for only 10 per cent viewership, Raj claims. The survey indicated that 26 per cent respondents watched television for one to two hours. Only 13 per cent people said they watched the channel for more than four hours. Raj TV backed its claim to popularity with another significant aspect that the TNS survey revealed. According to the survey, Raj TV is the only channel besides Sun, whose daily serial ranks among the top five most popular shows in Chennai. The survey shows that Raj's Geethanjali is the fourth most popular serial in the metro. The number one serial Metti Oli, number two Annamalai, number three Kungumam and number five Appa are all aired on Sun. IREDATO Card Hello, I bought a Card through my relative as per advice of RAJ TV Sales personal in the month of June 09. The same card was personally hand carried to Australia. Upon arrival, i called up raj tv as per their advice that the card needs to be activated and that they require the decoder box number As per the advice again, i forwarded the box number. RAJ TV again came up with an email as below Dear Siva, Please send us your Receiving Box Number starting with 045 or 027 ( 11 digit number ) to activate the cards. Thanks, S. Swaminathan. Mob:092445 03555. I was then told that the card supplied was un-suitable and should be used only with RAJ TV supplied decoder box. How in the world can RAJ TV supply a card withouth any prior purchase details of a customer of a RJA TV Supplied Decoder BOX After insistant follow up by my self, I am still to get the correct card. Very Disappointed with RAJ TV and its Sales Person

Sex, Drugs, and Rock Roll Essays

Sex, Drugs, and Rock Roll Essays Sex, Drugs, and Rock Roll Essay Sex, Drugs, and Rock Roll Essay â€Å"Sex, Drugs, and Rock ‘n’ Roll† The â€Å"Swinging Sixties† was a decade of new developments changing ideals that ranged from women’s movements, to â€Å"the New Left,† and to the musical scene of Rock ‘n’ Roll. These important progressions began the counterculture and social revolution among the youth in the United States. The counterculture ideals and visions were brought about by the extraordinary explosion of creative thought through music and other forms of art. The music scene, that overwhelmed the country, allowed for the culture’s expression of the social upheavals caused by the events overwhelming the country. The popular Rock ‘n’ Roll music, along with the bands themselves, during the â€Å"Swinging Sixties† had a great deal of influence that affected the counterculture, the psychedelic scene, and the endless concerts/festivals from the beginning of the decade up until the early seventies. The origin of Rock ‘n’ Roll, which dominated the music scene in the sixties, dates back to the late fifties and early sixties with the underlying roots of folk, rhythm blues, gospel, country, and jazz. Rock ‘n’ Roll, along with all types of music during the decade, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language. Furthermore, Rock ‘n’ Roll became a steady underbeat of political activity which offers some acclaim for the help of the civil rights movement along with other movements. Likewise, musical artists were influenced by the political events and the lifestyles of their audience in writing their lyrics. With this sway, Rock ‘n’ Roll became known as a â€Å"weapon of cultural revolution† spanning the country from coast to coast (227, Takin’ It to The Streets). In the early stages of this new revolution of Rock ‘n’ Roll and early years of the Sixties, the beginning bands were more laid back and relaxed. Taking the Sixties by storm in nineteen sixty-two was the sensation known as the Beatles. In nineteen sixty-four, the Beatles’ influence over the youth reached the United States when they appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show which followed their transitional move to New York City, New York. The Beatles became â€Å"the most popular music group in the United States† with 30 songs reaching the top 10 pop charts and the production of 12 albums (98, Columbia Guide). With their popularity, the Beatles generated a strong influence on American culture and the young people, which provoked controversy, influenced style, and the use of psychedelic drugs. Their songs reflected on the events of the Sixties and related to the youth generation that was being affected. The Beatles work has been recorded and savored in different styles of entertainment media from albums, to posters, to movies keeping their memory alive since their break up in nineteen sixty-nine. The 1st attempt at capturing the Beatles in media was the mock documentary A Hard Day’s Night, created in nineteen sixty-four. The film shows what a day in the Beatles life was like while they prepare for a television appearance. The film became the first â€Å"rockumentary† influencing the production of rock movies and videos for the future. This influence has continued to thrive into the 21st century with the production of Across the Universe. This movie allows for the current generation of youth to understand the happenings of the Sixties and the meaning behind the lyrics of Beatles’ songs. The movie goes into detail about the youth’s view on the war in Vietnam, the music scene, drugs, and the rebellious ways. On the opposite side of the country, the Beastie Boys was another rock band who focused their lyrics on the culture that surrounded them, including the scene of marijuana use. The band originated and got their inspiration from the surfing culture, in which they participated in, in Southern California. The Beastie Boys began their career in nineteen sixty-one but their success and popularity began to spark between the years of nineteen sixty-three to nineteen sixty-five (183, Columbia Guide). During this time period, the band produced nine albums that included some of their hit songs â€Å"Surfin’ USA†; â€Å"Little Deuce Coup†; â€Å"California Girls†; and â€Å"Good Vibrations† led the Beastie Boys to hit their peak of popularity in nineteen sixty-six. The Beastie Boys continued to be successful with their legacy continuing into the future decades. During the peak of the Beastie Boys and the Beatles, the drug that hit the population was primarily marijuana which in turn led to the psychedelic drugs introduced in the mid-sixties. During the mid-sixties, the laid back style of Rock ‘n’ Roll evolved into a phase of rock bands that created psychedelic sounds in the San Francisco Bay area, most popularly known as Haight Ashbury, where they hosted free concerts and didn’t record their music. In San Francisco, the music and bands were part of an underground culture where â€Å"drugs and rock swim up the same stream† (238, Takin’ It to the Streets). The culture of music became intertwined with psychedelic drugs among the audiences but also among many of the bands in the area. Many oncert goers began to attend concerts and bands events for the drugs that were normally found at these events. Not all bands were into the drugs, as Bob Weir of the Grateful Dead said â€Å"We’re not singing psychedelic drugs, we’re singing music. We’re musicians, not dope fiends† (239, Takin’ It to the Streets). The many bands that began their careers in the underground scene of San Francisco consisted of The Jefferson Airplanes, Janis Joplin in the Big Brother and the Holding Company, Jimi Hendrix, and the Grateful Dead. Many of these bands were only known in the Haight Ashbury scene until the Summer of Love in nineteen sixty-seven. In nineteen sixty-seven, the spring and summer months, known as the Summer of Love, became a time when thousands of youths made their way to San Francisco after receiving invitations by the Haight Ashbury Council for Summer of Love. This â€Å"pilgrimage† was heavily influenced by the media and music along with the idea of â€Å"free love,† drugs, and a new community of young people. On June 16-18, some 100,000 young people gathered at the Monterey Pop Festival organized by John Phillips of the Mamas and the Papas and the Beatles publicist Derek Taylor (300, The Portable Sixties Reader). The festival was advertised as â€Å"three days of music, love, and flowers† giving the feel of the original carefree spirit of rock ‘n’ roll. The â€Å"hippies† that fled to the scene were enticed with the appearances of their favorite bands and some newly formed bands, such as Jimi Hendrix and The Grateful Dead. The festival gave many of the bands from the Haight Ashbury â€Å"underground† national recognition with record deals and fame. Following his performance at the Monterey Pop Festival, Jimi Hendrix became famous for setting â€Å"his guitar on fire at the end of his set† and the smashing of his guitar (301, Portable Sixties Reader). What became known as the â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Experience,† led to his popularity, also the creation of his band, in the United States becoming known as the greatest guitarist in the history of rock music and one of the most important and influential musicians of his era across a range of genres. With his new popularity, the Jimi Hendrix Experience replaced the Jefferson Airplanes as the headliners at the Fillmore widening their popularity. In nineteen sixty-seven, Hendrix’s single, â€Å"Purple Haze† became one of the archetypical psychedelic drug songs of the sixties and is often cited as one of his greatest songs, and for many is his signature song. In nineteen sixty-eight, Hendrix received the honor of being named â€Å"Artist of the Year† by Rolling Stone for hi showmanship and gift for using distortion and feedback to create a unique guitar sound (208, Columbia Guide). As his popularity grew, Jimi Hendrix and his band, Gypsy Sun and Rainbows, performed a two-hour set at the famous Woodstock festival in nineteen sixty-nine. Hendrix gave a very memorable performance when he did a solo improvisation of the Star-Spangled Banner which is regarded as a special symbol of the decade. Jimi Hendrix’s career ended just over a year after his performance at Woodstock due to overdosing on drugs. The Grateful Dead, another legendary band that performed at Monterey Pop and Woodstock, was formed in nineteen sixty-five in the San Francisco Bay area. The band became known for their unique and eclectic style of music that they performed live because they lived for the audience that they attracted. At the time, music was not recorded, but many believed that â€Å"the Dead’s† sound was like thunder and would not be the same if duplicated into albums. With the fans that gathered at their concerts, the band became known as the representation of the San Francisco scene and of the counterculture movement. The Grateful Dead shared a three-story house because one of the ideals of the people in Haight Ashbury was the consciousness that people should work and live together (239, Columbia Guide). In nineteen sixty-nine, the Grateful Dead were invited to perform at Altamont but right as they were about to perform, the band decided against it. They felt that the energy of the outing was not that of a typical counterculture event because it had become more rowdy especially when Hell’s Angels arrived. The fame and influence that the Grateful Dead inflicted on the youth, â€Å"their music continues to draw young people more than thirty-five years after the Haight Ashbury summer in which the Dead emerged† (229, Takin’ It to the Streets). The fans of the Grateful Dead decided to call themselves â€Å"Deadheads† and followed the band from one concert to another which included the three-day festival of Woodstock. Following the trend of free concerts, the east coast music scene held a three day rock festival in Woodstock, New York. This extravagant rock concert where 500,000 young people arrived to listen to rock became known as â€Å"Woodstock Nation† (257, Columbia Guide). Woodstock was a peaceful event despite the large crowd and inadequate supplies. People came to see performances by Jimi Hendrix, Joan Baez, Jefferson Airplane, Arlo Guthrie, and the Grateful Dead. The bands and the festival exemplified the counterculture and the â€Å"Summer of Love† as the followers escaped from the events that were persuading their reasons to rebel. Woodstock was held during a time of war, racial conflicts, which attracted many of the participants. Among the attendees, many were satisfied and remember the festival for its social harmony, the quality of music, and the overwhelming mass of people. Woodstock has been remembered through movies and texts, but in large part with the attempts to hold festivals similar to the three-day rock festival. The first festival that was attempted to duplicate Woodstock was the concert at the Altamont. The Rolling Stones became known to some as the â€Å"greatest rock roll band in the world† but also became known as causing the end of the hippie counterculture. The band, originally from England, was formed in nineteen sixty-two and made their way to the United States in nineteen sixty-four when they went on their first U. S. tour. Many of their singles reached the top charts in both the U. S. and England which led to their trans-Atlantic hit in nineteen sixty-six. Along with their fans, the band members were strong followers in the drug scene. In nineteen sixty-seven, three out of the five band members were arrested for drug possession and use, leaving only two of the band members to perform. While the members were waiting to see what would happen to them, the band created â€Å"We Love You,† as a tribute thanking all of their fans for being so loyal. In nineteen sixty-nine, the Rolling Stones staged their own festival similar to Woodstock at the Altamont where all hell broke loose. Although the Rolling Stones made their United States debut in nineteen sixty-four during the â€Å"British Invasion,† they have become known for their concert at the Altamont Speedway in Livermore, California. The concert held on December 6, nineteen sixty-nine, just four months after Woodstock, was the Rolling Stones response to the numerous complaints that their ticket prices were too expensive, which is why they proceeded to give their followers a free concert to end their nineteen sixty-nine tour. Many people of the time â€Å"call us Woodstock West, but we are not† while others believe that â€Å"if concert isn’t the right word for the day, festival isn’t either† (310, The Portable Sixties Reader). The concert was advertised as a day full of performances from popular rock bands resembling Woodstock, but as the day progressed, a series of events arose causing havoc. As the gates opened at 7:00 am, 300,000 concert goers took their places to see bands such as Jimi Hendrix, the Grateful Dead, and most importantly the Rolling Stones. The enormous crowd seemed to enjoy themselves and the performances of the bands until Hell’s Angels appeared on and around the stage. In their hallucinating states of mind, due to their psychedelic drugs, they experienced a rush of horror and worry as the Angels took their places. The viewers wonder why the Angels are on the stage, just to be informed that the Rolling Stones hired them to be there security. Seeing as how the concert was flowing smoothly, the Angels grew hungry â€Å"for violence mocks our unfocused love of peace; their grim solidarity, our fearful hopes of community† (311, Portable Sixties Reader). Riots began to break out as the Angels used violence in an attempt to calm down the crowd. As tension grew, the Rolling Stones played their song â€Å"Sympathy for the Devil† as the crowd and Angels clashed (180, Takin’ It to the Streets). As the violence continued between the crowd and Angels, a man attempted to escape the riot but was shot by the security. This man’s death, 18 years-old Meredith Hunter, put an end to the concert as the crowd began to scream and panic. The tragic death at the Altamont signaled an end to the promise of the Summer of Love and the Woodstock Nation (180, Takin’ It to the Streets). With the Altamont disaster being viewed as the end of the hippie era and end of Woodstock nation, the world of Rock ‘n’ Roll took a dark turn into drug related deaths. Throughout the decade, the drug scene evolved from the semi-mind altering drug of marijuana to the psychedelic drugs, such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. Psychedelic drugs were used for â€Å"mind altering† experiences which were increased through the music, concerts, and poster designs. At the concerts, many bands began to experiment with what was known as â€Å"Kool Aid Acid Test,† where they would spike the punch allowing them to incorporate acid experiences into their music (290, Columbia Guide). The â€Å"psychedelic† posters that encircled the decade, â€Å"required concentration† appealed to the hippies because â€Å"the state of mind which occurs when high on [marijuana and/or psychedelic substances]† comes with an â€Å"intense visual involvement in details† (303, Portable Sixties Reader). The posters were found everywhere from phone lines to concert halls to being the posters representing bands. With the psychedelic scene surrounding the hippie’s counterculture, the rockers from rock bands experimented with the drugs as well. As he psychedelic drug scene expanded, rock bands and their members began to experiment with the drugs. Starting in the later sixties, nineteen sixty-eight and sixty-nine, drugs were taken and used more frequently than in the early years of the decade. In nineteen sixty-nine, the Altamont festivities proved that the use of drugs impaired judgment and was part of the darker side of what had become Rock ‘nâ₠¬â„¢ Roll. Giving the idea that the â€Å"Summer of Love† and peaceful ways of the hippies were at an end, numerous members of Rock ‘n’ Roll began to overdose on drugs. As the sixties came to an end, Rock ‘n’ Roll continued to succeed into the seventies, but â€Å"Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison, and Al Wilson suffered drug-related deaths† (294, Columbia Guide). The deaths of these rock idols went hand in hand with their surroundings and lives they decided to live. Since drugs became popular in the music business, rock idols became addicted to the feeling that they received. Bands and rockers, such as Jimi Hendrix, would perform while under the influence of psychedelic drugs. There is a belief that many members of these rock bands were the most creative while under the influence which caused them to consume drugs and alcohol numerous times throughout the days. Also, Rock ‘n’ Roll had taken up a dark tone after Altamont, which could have inflicted the idols with dark thoughts increasing their wants and needs for drugs. Overall, these idols became addicted to the â€Å"psychedelic† drugs and didn’t know their limit until they had overdosed. The music from the â€Å"Swinging Sixties† influenced the youth of the decade in their beliefs, their actions, and their emotions towards the events that were happening around them. The music brought about concerts and festivals, drugs, the counterculture, and a new way of life for the rebellious youth. The hippies and young people were brought together during a time of hardships where they were able to let reality disappear and slip into a different world. This different world was reached with the help of psychedelic drugs, Rock ‘n’ Roll and the communities created which brought allowed for a world of peace, freedom, and love. Rock ‘n’ Roll touched the heart of the decade and has continued to teach the current listeners about the wonderful and crazy decade of the Sixties.

Duchenne Muscular Dystophy essays

Duchenne Muscular Dystophy essays Pseudohypertropic muscular dystrophy, or Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an inherited disease whose symptoms include quickly progressive muscle weakness. This muscle weakness begins in the legs and pelvis and slowly affects the whole body. Duchenne muscular dystrophy only affects boys (girls are only affected on extremely rare conditions). A problem in this particular gene, the dystrophin gene, is known to result in a flaw in one single protein, dystrophin, which is very important in muscle fibers. Most affected individuals develop symptoms such as difficulty in walking, running, jumping, and rising from the floor at the age of one to three years. These individuals cannot walk as fast or as far as other children and will occasionally fall down. Other symptoms include fatigue, possible mental retardation, skeletal deformities in the chest and back, and muscle deformities, which include contractures of the heels and legs and pseudohypertrophy of the calf muscles. DMD patients become unable to walk by age eight to eleven and by the late teens or twenties life expectancy may be shortened due to the severity of the disease. Other signs of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy include muscle wasting and cardiomyopathy. Muscle wasting, or atrophy, begins in the lower extremities and slowly progresses to the muscles in the shoulders and neck. This is followed by a loss of muscle usage in the arms and respiratory system. Cardiomyopathy is frequently seen in this disease, while congestive heart failure and irregular heartbeats are quite rare. In the later stages of DMD, respiratory disorders begin to appear. These disorders may include pneumonia and aspiration of food or fluid into the lungs. The risk of having an affected child, within the general population, is about 1 in every 3500 male births. A DMD diagnosis is made by a physician by way of a physical examination diagnostic test. During the exam, the doctor reviews both prenata...